In this study 1192 cases were studied from 1986 to1996 in Imam Khomeini and Ekbatan hospitals of Hamadan province.75 cases were found having pathologic stage A cancer (occult cancer). So the prevalence of stage A Prostatic cancer is 4.78%. From statistic point it is 10%-25%.This study indicates that the prevalence of the stage A of adenocarcinoma in the studied subjects was less than those mentioned in the texts.

Background and Objective: Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy is a standard and widely used method for obtaining prostate samples for histopathological examination. This procedure is generally safe, but complications, such as pain, hematuria, hematospermia, rectal bleeding, and rarely serious complications, such as sepsis, hematoma, and urinary retention, can occur. Materials and Methods: This report discusses a 55-year-old male patient who presented with a prostate abscess after a transrectal prostate biopsy. Results: The patient underwent transrectal ultrasound-guided drainage of the abscess. The pathogen identified was Escherichia coli. The patient was hospitalized for two days and received intravenous meropenem. He was discharged in good general condition. Conclusion: Advances in imaging and minimally invasive techniques have improved the management of Prostatic abscesses, allowing for effective treatment with minimal complications.

Introduction: Getting too much calcium in diet may increase risk of prostate cancer and measuring blood calcium may help to understand this relationship. In this study we evaluate the relationship between prostate specific antigen (PSA) and calcium in men with prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia.Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we selected 400 men from different inner-city areas of Arak city within a one year period. After the population was approved to have the inclusion criteria, their PSA and calcium levels were measured. Individuals in this study were divided into two groups of prostate cancer and prostate hyperplasia. In order to determine mean difference between groups T-test analysis was used.Results: There was a significant relationship between age, serum calcium, and serum PSA in both groups and there was a negative significant relationship between age and serum calcium and a positive significant relationship between age and serum PSA in both groups. Mean levels of PSA in Prostatic cancer group and Prostatic hyperplasia group were respectively 4.5±14.4 and 3.8±9.1 ng/ml and the mean of calcium in both groups was 8.7±1.01 and 8.4±0.8 mg/dl. There was a negative significant relationship between the mean level of PSA and calcium levels only in prostate cancer group.Conclusion: Based on our findings, there is a significant relationship between serum PSA and serum calcium only in patients with prostate cancer. Probably serum calcium will be used in future as a tumor-marker in screening and control of prostate cancer.

Introduction: Orbital metastasis of prostate cancer (PC) is very rare and even more unique in castration-resistant PC (CRPC). In this scenario, choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (choline PET/CT) is the gold-standard restaging method of choice available in our setting, and new anti-androgens treatments show improvement in overall survival. Case presentation: We report the case of a 69-year-old male patient diagnosed with PC, treated with radical prostatectomy, and salvage radiotherapy after biochemical recurrence. After new prostate-specific antigen (PSA) progression, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was started. Four and a half years later, and already labeled as non-metastatic CRPC with a negative extension study, including choline PET/CT, he developed an accidental left frontal head trauma, presenting with proptosis, palpebral oedema, and oculomotor disorder. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a destructive bone lesion in the left orbit, associated with a soft tissue mass. These findings, suggestive of a neoplastic lesion, were histologically confirmed PC metastasis. Treatment was initiated with abiraterone, with a rapid improvement of symptoms, a progressive decrease of PSA, and a significant radiological response. Conclusion: Orbital metastases may present with proptosis and should be considered in patients with a history of cancer. If the ocular-orbital disease is suspected, the nuclear medicine physician should be aware that the choline PET/CT imaging includes the orbits. Tolerability and response to treatment with abiraterone were excellent.

Introduction: Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is an excellent tumor marker, but it is not specific for prostate cancer. We evaluated the accuracy of PSA adjusted for transition zone volume calculated by transrectal ultrasonography in predicting prostate cancer in men compared with PSA density. Material and Methods: PSA adjusted for transition zone volume was obtained from 100 patients who underwent transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsies (50 patients with prostate cancer and 50 patients with BPH). PSA density was calculated by through dividing total serum PSA by total prostate volume, and total serum PSA was divided by transition zone volume to yield PSA adjusted for transition zone volume. The PSA density and PSA adjusted for transition zone volume were compared and analyzed in patients with cancer of prostate and patient with BPH. Results: 50 fifty patients with BPH, 50 patients with prostate cancer were evaluated. Mean PSA adjusted for transition zone volume and PSA density were 0. 21 ± 1. 17 and 0. 17 ± 0. 91 in patients with prostate cancer and 0. 14 ± 0. 65 and 0. 064 ± 0. 34 in patients with BPH. PSA adjusted for transition zone volume had sensitivity of %26. 6 and specificity of %86. 6 and PSA density had sensitivity of %30 and specificity of %93. 3 for prostate cancer. Conclusions: PSA adjusted for transitional zone volume is not more accurate than PSA density in for distinguishing prostate cancer from BPH. Determination of transitional zone volume and total prostate volume by transrectal ultrasonography may be helpful for predicting the probability of positive prostate biopsy results.

Prostatic intra-epithelialneoplasia (PIN) is considered a precursor of invasive carcinoma, characterized by proliferation and anaplasia of cells lining Prostatic ducts and acini. In this study, we applied the PIN grading system on one-hundred cases of Prostatic carcinoma and one-hundred cases of benign Prostatic hyperplasia, then compared the results. 74% of Prostatic carcinoma and 51% of Prostatic hyperplasia cases showed PIN foci. Most of the Prostatic carcinomas (61%) showed foci of high-grade PIN including grade II (46%) and grade III (15%). In benign Prostatic hyperplasia cases, only PIN grade I (26%) and grade II (25%) were seen.It is concluded that PIN and invasive adenocarcinoma of prostate are closely associated and the likelihood for coexistence is higher in patients with high grade PIN and especially if other factors such as prostate specific antigen and positive findings on sonography are also considered.

Introduction & Objective: Prostatic carcinoma is the most common malignancy throughout the world among the males over middle age and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in western countries. The currently most established prognostic factors in Prostatic carcinoma are histological grade (Gleason system) and tumor stage .Various new prognostic factors that have been suggested to provide additional information include proliferative activity (Ki-67 labeling index),over expression of the oncogene bcl2 and Her2-neu and inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The aim of this study was to compare p53, Ki-67, bcl2 and Her2-neu biomarkers frequency in low grade and high grade Prostatic carcinoma. Materials& Methods: In this cross sectional study, 76 cases of Prostatic carcinoma patients with different combined Gleason score were studied after they had been admitted to the pathology wards of Beheshti and Be’sat hospital in Hamadan city between 2006-2011.Age, Combined Gleason's score and histologic grade record in each case. p53, Ki-67, bcl2 and Her2-neu expression were investigated immunohistochemically .The biomarkers of p53, Ki-67, bcl2 and Her2-neu between low grade and high grade Prostatic carcinoma were compared. The tumors were considered low grad when Gleason score was 6 or less, and high grad when the Gleason score was 7 to 10.Results: This investigation revealed that the frequency of p53, bcl2, Her2-neu and Ki-67 expression is 68.4%, 34.2%, 78.9% and 52.6%, respectively. In this study 81.6% of high grade and 55.3% of low grade tumors were immunoreactive for p53 (P=0.013). Over expression of bcl2 was found in 36.8% of high grade and 31.6% of low grade of Prostatic carcinoma (P=0.405). 81.6% of high grade and 76.3% of low grade carcinoma were positive for Her2 – neu (P=0.390). Ki-67 positivity was found in 68.4% of high grade and 36.8% low grade carcinoma (P=0.006).Conclusion: The most important findings of our study are that the frequency of p53 and Ki-67 proteins expression is correlated with high grade of Prostatic carcinoma. However, there was not any significant difference of bcl2 and Her2-neu biomarker in the two grades of Prostatic carcinoma.

Background: Transrectal ultrasonography guided needle biopsy of prostate frequently used for early detection of cancer has faced the pathologists with a major diagnostic challenge.In recent years P504S has been used as a tumor cell marker for definitive diagnosis of Prostatic cancer in small biopsy specimens.Methods: 70 prostate needle biopsies and 6 transurethral resections (TURP) containing atypical foci as well as 40 morphologically unequivocal prostate cancer biopsies, including 8 with foamy features, were stained with P504S.Results: 36 specimen out of 40 biopsies with unequivocal cancer, showed variable P504S staining (sensitivity, 90%); 2 minute cancer and 2 foamy cancer lacked P504S staining. of 76 cases with atypical foci (70 biopsies, 6 TURP), 18 were diagnosed as high-grade Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) - 16 of them showing diffuse moderate P504S staining - and 58 had foci of atypical small acinar proliferation. 14 of the latter cases were highly suggestive of cancer, 4 of which lacked P504S staining. In 44 cases with benign atypical foci, 2 out of 14 cases with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and 1 of 2 postradiation atypias showed focal weak P504S staining with remaining 28 cases being negative.Conclusions: P504S has slightly lower sensitivity for detection of prostate cancer than that found previously. Heterogeneous expression patterns may explain negativity in some biopsy specimens with minute cancer. In atypical small acinar proliferations, diffuse positive P504S staining in atypical glands strongly supports cancer diagnosis, but negative staining does not exclude it. P504S seems to have low sensitivity for detecting minute and foamy prostate cancers. Most HGPINs show diffuse moderate P504S staining. AAH and benign glands may show focal P504S staining. We recommend using P504S along with morphologic examination and conventional basal cell markers.

Background: A candidate gene for hereditary prostate cancer (PC), recently identified is the RNASEL gene on the chromosome loci 1q25. This gene mediates the apoptotic and antiviral activities of interferon. In some studies, a significant relationship has been reported between the chromosome 1q24-25 (HPC1) and prostate cancer risk, while some other studies did not approve.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the association between R462Q mutation and prostate cancer in a cross-sectional study.Patients and Methods: One hundred twenty one samples from 51 patients with sporadic PC and 70 patients with non-cancerous prostate were screened for the R462Q mutation. All samples were formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded. The samples were investigated by the use of amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) PCR, followed by gel electrophoresis. To analyze the data the Fisher’s exact and Chisquare tests were used. Statistical analyses were performed, using SPSS 17 software program. Results: The present study findings showed that RR, RQ and QQ genotypes compromised 82, 14, and 4% of the cancerous samples and 87, 13 and 0 % of the non-cancerous samples, respectively.Conclusions: We did not find any association between the RNASEL Arg462Gln polymorphism and prostate cancer. Based on these results the RNASEL Gln/Gln genotype does not play an important role in the etiology of sporadic prostate cancer, in the general population. However, additional studies with bigger sample sizes are needed to more clearly explain the role of RNASEL mutations in hereditary prostate cancer.